Functional effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and kefir on systemic inflammation, antioxidant activity, and intestinal microbiome in rats with induced colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers with high morbidity and mortality. The modulation of intestinal health through the administration of pro- and prebiotics may be a viable alternative to reduce the risk of CRC. This study aimed to evaluate the functional effects of yacon and kefir, isolated or associated, in rats with colorectal cancer. Adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 8): HC (healthy control AIN-93M diet), CC (CCR + AIN-93M diet), Y (CCR + AIN-93 M + yacon diet), K (CCR + AIN-93-M + kefir diet) and YK (CCR + AIN-93 M + yacon + kefir diet). Colorectal carcinogenesis was induced in groups CC, Y, K, and YK with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (55 mg kg-1, subcutaneously) for 5 weeks. From the 6th week onwards, the experimental groups were fed the respective diets. In the 15th week, urine was collected for analysis of intestinal permeability and then the animals were euthanized. Yacon increased acetate levels, reduced pH and carcinogenic neoplastic lesions, and increased the abundance of bacteria related to the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, such as the genera Dorea, Collinsela, and Bifidobacteria. On the other hand, kefir increased macroscopic neoplastic lesions and increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium. The association of yacon + kefir increased the number of carcinogenic lesions, despite a reduction in pH and beneficial bacteria prevalence. Thus, it is concluded that yacon, unlikely kefir, is a promising alternative to mitigate the manifestations of induced carcinogenesis in rats.

Cardioprotective action of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in ovariectomized rats fed a high fat diet.

The reduction in estrogen levels is associated with the increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease development. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of chia consumption in a standard diet (SD) or high fat diet (HFD) on ovariectomized (OVX) and non-ovariectomized (SHAM) rats, in relation to biometric measurements, oxidative stress, mineral content and ATPase enzymes in the heart. The study was conducted with 80 female Wistar rats, which received a SD or HFD for 18 weeks. During the first 7 weeks, the animals received the SD or HFD. Then, 40 rats were ovariectomized and 40 rats were SHAM operated. After recovery from surgery, the animals were allocated to 8 groups (n = 10) and they received one of the following diets for 8 weeks: SD, SD + chia, HFD and HFD + chia. In the OVX group, HFD increased weight gain, adiposity, cardiac hypertrophy, and nitric oxide (NO) and K concentration and decreased the Na+/K+ATPase activity. In combination with HFD, ovariectomy decreased the catalase activity, Mg, Cu and Zn concentration, total ATPase activity, and Na+/K+ATPase and Mg2 + ATPase activities; this group also presented higher NO, Ca, K, Fe and Mn concentration in the heart. The SHAM group fed chia presented a lower fat content in the heart. In the OVX group fed HFD, chia increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, decreased NO and maintained the content of minerals and ATPase enzymes. Thus, chia improved the biometric parameters of the heart, the antioxidant activity and maintained the content of minerals and ATPase enzymes, showing a cardioprotective action, but without reversing the deleterious effects of ovariectomy.

Cultivars of biofortified cowpea and sweet potato: Bioavailability of iron and interaction with vitamin A in vivo and in vitro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of pro-vitamin A-rich sweet potato on iron bioavailability of biofortified cowpeas, using in vitro Caco-2 cells and in vivo depletion-repletion rat model. Mixtures of conventional rice with cultivars of iron-biofortified (Aracê, Xiquexique, and Tumucumaque) or conventional (Guariba) cowpeas with or without sweet potato biofortified with pro-vitamin A carotenoids were evaluated. The ratio of ferritin/total protein in Caco-2 cells was used as the index of cellular Fe uptake in the in vitro assay. The animal study evaluated the hemoglobin gain, the relative biological value, and the gene expression of transferrin and ferritin proteins by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In the in vitro study, Xiquexique cowpea presented higher bioavailability of iron in the absence of sweet potato, and no difference was observed between the other cultivars of cowpea with and without sweet potato. The in vivo bioavailability (relative biological value of hemoglobin regeneration efficiency) differed statistically only between Guariba groups added to sweet potato and Tumucumaque. Ferritin mRNA expression did not differ between the test and control (ferrous sulfate) groups. Regarding the transferrin mRNA expression, there was a difference between the test and control groups except for the Xiquexique group. The association of rice and beans with sweet potato rich in carotenoids favored the gene expression of proteins involved in the iron metabolism, as well as its bioavailability, corroborating beneficial effects of this mixture. Xiquexique cowpea was shown to be the most promising compared to the other cultivars, exhibiting higher iron content in the digestible fraction, better in vitro bioavailability of iron, and transferrin gene expression. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Data from the study indicated greater in vitro bioavailability of iron for Xiquexique cowpea and sweet potato mixtures, in addition to the greater regeneration efficiency of hemoglobin in vivo as the bioavailability of iron among biofortified beans, highlighting the promising benefits of biofortification.

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron in biofortified germinated cowpea.

BACKGROUND: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walph) is predominantly consumed in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, and its biofortification with iron seeks to reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in these regions. It is commonly eaten cooked; however, in the germinated form, it can improve nutritional quality by reducing the antinutritional factors and consequently improving the bioavailability of elements. The present study aimed to determine the physico-chemical characteristics, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron in biofortified germinated cowpea. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the germinated and cooked beans with regard to centesimal composition. Germinated beans had phytates and tannins similar to cooked beans. The phytate-iron molar ratio for all groups did not present a statistical difference (cooking 3.58 and 3.41; germinated 3.94 and 3.51), nor did the parameters evaluating in vivo iron bioavailability. Total phenolics was higher in the germinated group (cooking 0.56 and 0.64; Germinated 2.05 and 2.45 mg gallic acid kg-1 ). In vitro bioaccessibility of iron of germinated beans presented higher values (P ≤ 0.05) compared to cooked beans. There was higher expression of divalent metal transporter-1 in biofortified and germinated beans. CONCLUSION: The iron bioavailability from the biofortified and germinated beans was comparable to ferrous sulfate. Germination can be considered as an alternative and efficient method for consuming cowpea, presenting good iron bioaccessibility and bioavailability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness.

Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration of staple food crops through the best practices of breeding and modern biotechnology. However, increased zinc and iron concentrations in food crops may not always translate into proportional increases in absorbed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Therefore, assessing iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified crops is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of breeding programs. This review aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. In vitro, animal and isotopic human studies have shown high iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified staple food crops. Human studies provide direct knowledge regarding the effectiveness of biofortification, however, human studies are time consuming and are more expensive than in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, in vitro studies may be a useful preliminary screening method to identify promising plant cultivars, however, these studies cannot provide data that are directly applicable to humans. None of these methods provides complete information regarding mineral bioavailability, thus, a combination of these methods should be the most appropriate strategy to investigate the effectiveness of zinc and iron biofortification programs.

Improvement the nutritional status of pre-school children following intervention with a supplement containing iron, zinc, copper, vitamin A, vitamin C and prebiotic / Melhoria no estado nutricional de pré-escolares após intervenção com suplemento contendo ferro, zinco, cobre, vitamina A, vitamina C e prebiótico

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a vitamin and mineral fortified powder product supplemented with inulin, on the iron and vitamin A status of 110 pre-schools childrens in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The 2 to 5-year-old children were submitted to anthropometric (weight and height), biochemical (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume - MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin - MCH, serum iron, ferritin and serum retinol) and dietary (direct food weighing, 24 h recall, and food intake record) evaluations, at the beginning and at the end of a 45-day intervention. The supplement (30 g) was provided daily as part of the afternoon snack, diluted in 100 mL of water, 5 times/week and it supplied 30% of the recommended daily doses of iron, zinc, copper and vitamins A and C. Dietary and biochemical data was compared by the Wilcoxon test, and anthropometric data by the paired t-test. Values of z-scores for weight and height, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and ferritin were significantly higher after intervention; no change was observed in serum retinol. The prebiotic-containing supplement significantly increased the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, and was effective in improving the iron and anthropometric status.

Resumo Este estudo investigou os efeitos de um produto em pó fortificado com vitaminas e minerais e suplementado com inulina, no estado nutricional de ferro e vitamina A de 110 crianças pré-escolares do município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil. As crianças, de 2 a 5 anos de idade, foram submetidos às avaliações antropométrica (peso e altura), bioquímica (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio - VCM, hemoglobina corpuscular média - HCM, ferro sérico, ferritina e retinol sérico) e dietética (pesagem direta dos alimentos, recordatório de 24 h e registro alimentar), no início e ao final de uma intervenção de 45 dias. O suplemento (30 g) foi ministrado diariamente no lanche da tarde, diluído em 100 ml de água, 5 vezes/semana, fornecendo 30% das doses diárias recomendadas de ferro, zinco, cobre e vitaminas A e C. Os dados dietéticos e bioquímicos foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon e, para os dados antropométricos, utilizou-se o teste-t pareado. Os valores de z-escore (peso e altura), eritrócitos, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM e ferritina foram significativamente maiores após a intervenção; nenhuma mudança foi observada no retinol sérico. O suplemento aumentou significativamente a ingestão de energia, macro e micronutrientes e foi eficaz na melhoria do estado nutricional de ferro e antropométrico.

The effect of oilseed consumption on appetite and on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus / El efecto del consumo de semillas oleaginosas en el apetito y en el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has rapidly increased worldwide. Excess body fat is an important risk factor for the disease. Strategies have been indicated for the prevention and treatment of DM. Recent studies have associated the consumption of oilseeds resulting in a lower risk of developing obesity and diabetes. It is believed that this effect is associated with low glycemic index and the high fiber content, the unsaturated fatty acids and the magnesium oilseeds. However, the mechanisms involved in appetite and type 2 diabetes control have not been fully elucidated among researchers yet. Thus, the objective of the present article was to critically analyze the articles published on this subject aiming at identifying strategies which may be used in the dietary treatment of diabetes (AU)

La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) ha aumentado rápidamente en todo el mundo. Exceso de grasa corporal es un factor de riesgo importante para la enfermedad. Estrategias se han indicado para la prevención y el tratamiento de la DM. Estudios recientes han asociado el consumo de semillas oleaginosas que resulta en un menor riesgo de desarrollar obesidad y diabetes. Se cree que este efecto está asociado con bajo índice glucémico y el alto contenido de fibra, los ácidos grasos insaturados de las semillas oleaginosas y de magnesio. Sin embargo, los mecanismos implicados en el apetito y el control de la diabetes tipo 2 no han sido completamente aclarada entre los investigadores todavía. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar críticamente los artículos publicados en este tema con el objetivo de identificar las estrategias que pueden utilizarse en el tratamiento dietético de la diabetes (AU)

Iron bioavailability of different maize genotypes developed in a breeding program: in vitro and in vivo studies

The objective of this study was to evaluate iron bioavailability of maize genotypes, and analyze the correlation between in vitro and in vivo methods. Dialysable iron was analyzed in 13 genotypes from which 5 were selected for the biological assay. Mean iron content of the genotypes (n=13) was 17.93±2.93 mg kg-1. Phytate varied from 0.77% to 1.03%; phytate: iron molar ratio from 30.64 to 55.41; and soluble iron from 13.17 to 39.63%. The highest value for dialysable iron was 19.14%. In the biological assay, the control group, that received ferrous sulphate, did not present significant difference between the genotypes for Hb gain, Hb gain per gram of iron consumed and HRE. Hb gain did not present a significant correlation with in vitro assay. However, there were positive correlations varying from 0.653 to 0.809. The maize genotypes evaluated presented a good bioavailability since the genotypes showed the same result in hemoglobin gain than control group.

Biodisponibilidade de ferro de diferentes genótipos de milho desenvolvidos em programa de melhoramento genético: estudos in vitro e in vivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biodisponibilidade do ferro de genótipos de milho e analisar a correlação entre métodos in vitro e in vivo. Ferro dialisável foi analisado em13 genótipos, a partir do qual 5 foram selecionados para o ensaio biológico. A média de teor de ferro dos genótipos (n= 13) foi 17,93 ± 2,93 mg kg-1. O teor de fitato variou de 0,77% a 1,03%; razão molar fitato:ferro de 30,64 a 55,41; e ferro solúvel de 13,17 a 39,63%.O valor mais alto para o ferro dialisável foi 19,14%. No ensaio biológico, o grupo controle, que recebeu sulfato ferrso, não apresentou diferença significativa entre os genótipos no ganho Hb, ganho de Hb por grama de ferro consumido e HRE. Ganho de Hb não apresentou correlação significativa com o ensaio in vitro. No entanto, houve correlações positivas variando de 0,653 a 0,809. Os genótipos de milho avaliados apresentaram uma boa biodisponibilidade uma vez que os genótipos apresentaram o mesmo resultado quanto ao ganho de hemoglobina em relação ao grupo controle.

Efeitos da suplementação com creatina e cafeína sobre a força de fratura óssea em ratos submetidos a exercício de saltos verticais / Effects of creatine and caffeine supplementation on the bone breaking force in rats subjected to vertical jumping exercise

Este estudo investigou se a suplementação com creatina e cafeína, isoladamente ou combinadas, interfere na força de fratura óssea em ratos jovens exercitados. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em oito grupos: sedentários placebo, exercitado placebo, sedentário creatina, exercitado creatina, sedentário cafeína, exercitado cafeína, sedentário creatina + cafeína e treinado creatina + cafeína. Os grupos suplementados receberam creatina (carga: 0,430g/kg de peso corporal, por sete dias; e manutenção: 0,143g/kg, por 35 dias), cafeína (10mg/100g de peso corporal, por 35 dias) ou creatina+cafeína. Os grupos exercitados executaram saltos verticais na água (4x10 saltos com 1 minuto de intervalo entre séries, 5 dias/sem) por seis semanas. A ingestão de cafeína reduziu a espessura, o peso e a força de fratura do fêmur dos ratos, independentemente do exercício. A cafeína e a creatina+cafeína aumentaram a excreção urinária de cálcio. O exercício de saltos elevou a força de fratura, independentemente da suplementação, mas não alterou o peso e as dimensões do fêmur dos animais.

This study investigated whether supplementation with high doses of creatine and caffeine, alone or in combination, affects the bone breaking force of exercised rats. Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: Sedentary or Exercised (placebo, creatine, caffeine or creatine plus caffeine). The supplemented groups received creatine (load: 0.430 g/kg body weight, for 7 days; and maintenance: 0.143 g/kg for 35 days), caffeine (10 mg/100g body weight, for 35 days) or creatine plus caffeine. The exercised groups underwent a vertical jump training in water (4 sets of 10 jumps interspersed with 1 min resting intervals, 5 days/wk), for 6 weeks. Caffeine ingestion reduced the femur´s width, weight and breaking force, independently of exercise. Caffeine and creatine plus caffeine increased the urinary calcium excretion. Jumping exercise increased the bone breaking force independently of supplementation; nevertheless it did not change the weight and dimensions of the femur of the animals.

Iron bioavailability of different maize genotypes developed in a breeding program: in vitro and in vivo studies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate iron bioavailability of maize genotypes, and analyze the correlation between in vitro and in vivo methods. Dialysable iron was analyzed in 13 genotypes from which 5 were selected for the biological assay. Mean iron content of the genotypes (n = 13) was 17.93 +/- 2.93 mg kg(-1). Phytate varied from 0.77% to 1.03%; phytate: iron molar ratio from 30.64 to 55.41; and soluble iron from 13.17 to 39.63%. The highest value for dialysable iron was 19.14%. In the biological assay, the control group, that received ferrous sulphate, did not present significant difference between the genotypes for Hb gain, Hb gain per gram of iron consumed and HRE. Hb gain did not present a significant correlation with in vitro assay. However, there were positive correlations varying from 0.653 to 0.809. The maize genotypes evaluated presented a good bioavailability since the genotypes showed the same result in hemoglobin gain than control group.

Tratamento térmico adequado proporciona melhoria da qualidade nutricional de farinhas de soja elaboradas a partir de novos cultivares destinados à alimentação humana / Adequate heat treatment improves the nutritional quality of soybean flours from new cultivars for human consumption purpose

O efeito do calor seco sobre índices de urease, a solubilidade proteica e a desfosforilação de ácido fítico foram avaliados em grãos de diferentes cultivares de soja. Os grãos foram submetidos à temperatura de 130ºC, 150ºCe 170ºC por 30 minutos e, posteriormente, triturados. Foram realizadas as análises de urease, da solubilidade proteica e dos teores de hexafosfato, pentafosfato, tetrafosfato e trifosfato de inositol. O tratamento a 130ºC foi insuficiente para inativar a atividade da urease e a temperatura de 170°C ultrapassou o limite adequado; os valores desejáveis foram obtidas a 150°C. A solubilidade da proteína diferiu entre as temperaturas aplicadas (p< 0,05). O processamento térmico sob temperatura de 150°C indicou ser adequado por apresentar valores de solubilidade proteica entre 70% a 85%. O teor de hexafosfato de inositol foi 46% menor no cultivar convencional. Ocorreu redução média de 37,7% de IP6 no tratamento dos grãos de soja a 150ºC, quando comparado a de130ºC. O tratamento térmico a 150ºC por 30 minutos foi o melhor para processar a soja, proporcionar adequada solubilidade proteica na redução da atividade de urease, além de reduzir a concentração de inositóis hexa e pentafosfatos, sem afetar a concentração dos inositóis tetra e trifosfato.

The present work analyzed the effect of dry heat on grains from different soybean cultivars, and the indicesof urease, protein solubility and dephosphorylation of phytic acid were determined. The grains were exposedto temperatures at 130ºC, 150ºC and 170ºC for 30 minutes, and then powdered. Analyses of urease, proteinsolubility, and inositol hexaphosphate, pentaphosphate, tetrafhosphate and triphosphate were carried out.The treatment of grains at 130ºC was insufficient to inactivate the urease activity, while the temperatureat 170°C exceeded the appropriate limit; at 150°C desirable values were observed. The protein solubilitydiffered among the employed temperatures (p < 0.05). Heating processing at 130°C was not appropriate, butat 150°C indicated to be suitable temperature, as the protein solubility values were between 70% and 85%.Inositol hexaphosphate content was 46% lower in the conventional cultivar. An average reduction of 37.7%for the IP6 was observed in treating the soybean grains at 150ºC, in comparison with 130ºC. The heatingtreatment at 150ºC for 30 minutes was the most adequate for processing the soybean, and for providingappropriate protein solubility, reduced urease activity and reduced concentration of inositol penta- andhexaphosphates, without affecting the inositol tetra- and tri-phosphates concentrations.Key words. soybean, urease, protein solubility, phytic acid.

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the development of preneoplasic lesions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of dietary omega-3 supplementation toreduce induced intestinal preneoplastic lesions in Wistar rats. Methods: A total of 58 11-week-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvergicus, albinus variety, Rodentia) were distributed into two groups: a control group (n=25) and an omega-3-treated group (n=28). Aberrant crypt foci were induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Tissue incorporation of the supplemented omega-3 fatty acids was evaluated by determining the fatty acid profiles of intra-abdominal fat and the liver with gas chromatography.Results: The omega-3 group presented lower weight and lower food intake (p<0.05) than the control group. Thenumber of aberrant crypt foci decreased 55.34% in response to omega-3 supplementation. Foci with more than three crypts decreased 57.14% between weeks 13 and 28. There was no statistical difference for the docosahexaenoic acid content in the liver of the omega-3 group between week 6 and weeks 13 and 28. Conclusion: These results suggest that omega-3 may slow the progress of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial anticarcinogênico da suplementação com ômega-3 em reduzirlesões pré-neoplásicas induzidas em intestino de ratos Wistar. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos, com 11 semanas de idade (Rattus norvergicus), foram subdivididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n=25) e grupo ômega-3 (n=28). Os focus de criptas aberrantes foram induzidos pela 1,2 dimetilhidrazina. A incorporação dos ácidos graxos ômega-3 suplementados foi avaliada pela identificação do perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura intra-abdominal e do fígado por cromatografia gasosa. Resultados: O grupo ômega-3 apresentou menor consumo da dieta e menor ganho de peso (p<0,05) do que o grupo controle. O número de focus de criptas aberrantes foi reduzido em 55,34% como conseqüência da suplementação dietética com ômega-3. Os focus com três ou mais do que três criptas diminuíram 57,14% entre a 13ª a 28ª semanas. Não foi verificada diferença estatística para o conteúdo de ácido docosahexaenóico. Conclusão: O resultado sugere que o ômega-3 pode reduzir a evolução da carcinogênese colorretal.

Perfil lipídico tecidual de ratos alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas / Tissue lipid profile of rats fed with different lipid sources

OBJETIVO:Determinar se fontes lipídicas com diferentes razões de ácidos graxos insaturados e saturados (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA na dieta altera o perfil lipídico tecidual, a concentração de lipídios (mg/g) dos tecidos hepáticos e mesentérico e a digestibilidade lipídica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada cromatografia gasosa para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos nos tecidos hepático e adiposo de ratos alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas. O coeficiente de digestibilidade foi determinado a partir da relação entre a quantidade de lipídios consumidos e a quantidade fecal excretada. RESULTADOS:Diferentes fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja, manteiga, margarina e gorduras de porco e de peixe) não alteraram o coeficiente de digestibilidade e o peso hepático, mas alteraram a deposição de lipídios em todos os tecidos adiposos estudados. Não foi possível fazer a correlação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos não essenciais e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, visto que a lipogênese de novo impede a identificação dos ácidos graxos dietários. CONCLUSÃO:Não foi constatada uma relação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, exceto para os ácidos graxos trans e linoléico (C18:2) que não são sintetizados no rato. Esses ácidos graxos apresentaram uma concentração tecidual diretamente proporcional àquela das fontes dietárias. Quanto à razão (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA, encontrada no tecido hepático dos diferentes grupos, observa-se que esta foi diretamente proporcional aos valores apresentados pelas fontes lipídicas dietárias. Entretanto, essa associação não foi observada nos tecidos adiposos analisados.

OBJECTIVE:To determine if lipid sources with different unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios, (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA in the diet alter the lipid profile of tissues, the lipid concentration (mg/g) of the hepatic and mesenteric tissues and the lipid digestibility. METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to determine the profile of fatty acids in the hepatic and adipose tissues of rats fed with different lipid sources. The digestibility coefficient was determined based on the ratio between lipid intake and excreted in the feces. RESULTS:Different lipid sources (soy oil, butter, margarine and pig and fish fat) did not alter the digestibility coefficient and the hepatic weight, but they altered the lipid deposition in all adipose tissue evaluated. No direct correlation was observed between dietary non-essential fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, because of de novo which impedes the identification of the dietary fatty acid. CONCLUSION:A direct relationship was not verified between the dietary fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, except for the trans and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids which are not synthesized in the rat. The tissue concentration of these fatty acids was directly proportional to their dietary sources. The (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA ratio found in the hepatic tissue of the different groups, was directly proportional to the values presented in the dietary lipid sources. However, this association was not observed in the adipose tissue.

Efeito de uma multimistura alimentar no estado nutricional relativo ao ferro em pré-escolares / Effect of a multi-mixture in the nutritional status of preschool children regarding iron

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do consumo de uma multimistura alimentar no estado nutricional relativo ao ferro em pré-escolares da rede municipal de ensino em Viçosa, MG. MÉTODOS: Participaram 36 crianças, distribuídas em três creches da cidade. Na creche A foram fornecidos produtos de panificação sem acréscimo de ferro. Na creche B, produtos acrescidos de sulfato ferroso em quantidade equivalente ao teor de ferro fornecido pelas preparações com multimistura oferecidas na terceira creche. Os produtos foram distribuídos pela manhã, durante 70 dias. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, dietéticas e bioquímicas no início e no final do estudo, pelo teste "t" pareado a 5 por cento de probabilidade, exceto para o hematócrito. Neste caso, os valores iniciais foram comparados aos finais pelo teste de Wilcoxon, a 5 por cento de probabilidade. As análises foram feitas utilizando-se o programa Sistema de Análises Estatísticas e Genética, versão 5.0, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. RESULTADOS: Não foi demonstrado efeito das diferentes fontes de ferro, dado que as creches suplementadas apresentaram redução dos níveis hematológicos avaliados, o que não ocorreu com a creche A (sem adição de ferro). CONCLUSÃO: O ferro fornecido como suplementação não alterou a ingestão dietética de ferro pelas crianças e nem melhorou os índices hematológicos avaliados, limitando as conclusões quanto à utilização da multimistura em estudo.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-mixture intake on the iron status of pre-school children from the municipal school network of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Thirty-six children from three day nurseries of the city participated in the study. Day nursery A received bakery products not supplemented with iron. Day nursery B received bakery products supplemented with iron sulfate in the same amount as that present in multi-mixtures distributed in the third day nursery. The products were distributed in the morning during 70 days. Anthropometric, dietary and biochemical assessments were done at the beginning and at the end of the study using the paired t-test at significance level of 0.05, except for hematocrit. In this case, the initial values were compared with the final values using the Wilcoxon test at significance level of 0.05. The software Statistical Analyses and Genetics System, version 5.0, from the Federal University of Viçosa was used for the analyses. RESULTS: The different sources of iron had no effect since the supplemented groups showed a reduction in the assessed blood levels and this was not observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: The iron given as a supplement did not alter the iron intake by the children and did not improve the assessed blood indexes either, limiting the conclusions of using the multi-mixture studied in this work.

Effects of peanut oil load on energy expenditure, body composition, lipid profile, and appetite in lean and overweight adults.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of peanut oil intake on appetite, energy expenditure, body composition, and lipid profile in lean and overweight adults. METHODS: In a parallel-arm, long-term feeding trial, lean and overweight participants received a daily peanut oil load in a milk shake equivalent to 30% of their resting energy expenditure for 8 wk. Forty-eight adults (24 lean and 24 overweight, 12 male and 12 female in each group) completed the protocol. Anthropometric indices, appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, and plasma lipids were monitored. RESULTS: Energy intake increased significantly in the overweight but not in the lean participants. A statistically significant body weight gain (median 2.35 kg) was also observed among the overweight subjects, although this corresponded to only 43% of the theoretical weight gain. Among overweight subjects, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased at week 4, but neither concentration was significantly different from baseline at week 8. Similar, but less marked, changes were observed in lean subjects. Resting energy expenditure was 5% greater (P < 0.01) in the overweight group, but no significant difference was observed in the lean subjects. No marked differences of appetite were observed over time in either group or between overweight and lean participants. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that ingestion of peanut oil elicits a weaker compensatory dietary response among overweight compared with lean individuals. Body weight increased, albeit less than theoretically predicted. The weaker effect of whole nuts on body weight reported in previous studies suggests components other than oil may be responsible.

Efeitos dos óleos de amendoim, açafrão e oliva na composição corporal, metabolismo energético, perfil lipídico e ingestão alimentar de indivíduos eutróficos normolipidêmicos / The effects of peanut, safflower, and olive oil on body composition, energy metabolism, lipid profile and food intake of eutrophic, normolipidemic subjects

OBJETIVOS: O presente trabalho visou avaliar os efeitos do consumo dos óleos de amendoim, açafrão e oliva no perfil lipídico, composição corporal, metabolismo energético e ingestão alimentar em indivíduos eutróficos normolipidêmicos. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 32 indivíduos, divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, tendo quatro mulheres e quatro homens em cada grupo, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos. Foi oferecido um milk shake aos voluntários no desjejum, veiculando uma quantidade equivalente a 30 por cento da sua energia basal na forma de óleo (amendoim, açafrão ou oliva), por um período de oito semanas, exceto para o grupo-controle, que não recebeu o shake. Foram realizadas avaliações dos valores de colesterol total e frações, triacilgliceróis, composição corporal, taxa de metabolismo basal, termogênese induzida pela dieta e ingestão alimentar dos indivíduos nas semanas basal, 4ª e 8ª. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada diferença significante no perfil lipídico e na saciedade, no entanto, o grupo que recebeu óleo de açafrão apresentou valores de lipídios plasmáticos mais reduzidos. A ingestão dos óleos levou ao aumento do ganho de peso, sendo que o óleo de oliva proporcionou maior circunferência do quadril. CONCLUSÃO: A adição dos óleos na dieta levou ao aumento da deposição de gordura corporal sem provocar alterações no perfil lipídico e ingestão dietética, ao contrário do relatado na literatura. O uso dos óleos em substituição a outros nutrientes energéticos da dieta, o maior número de voluntários e um período maior de intervenção devem ser investigados em estudos futuros.

Efeito de uma bebida láctea fermentada e fortificada com ferro sobre o estado nutricional de ferro em pré-escolares. Viçosa-MG / The effect of a fermented iron-fortified dairy drink on the nutritional status of pre-school children in Viçosa - MG/Brazil

O presente trabalho visou avaliar a eficácia de uma bebida láctea fermentada e fortificada com ferro na recuperação do estado nutricional de ferro de pré-escolares. Foram estudados 89 pré-escolares assistidos por duas creches de Viçosa, MG, avaliando-se o estado de saúde antes e após a intervenção com uma bebida láctea, por meio de avaliação antropométrica (peso/estatura); inquérito alimentar e exame hematológico (hemoglobina, hematócrito, ferro sérico e ferritina). A bebida foi elaborada à base de soro de queijo fermentada e fortificada com ferro aminoácido-quelato, acrescida de polpa de manga, cultura láctica de iogurte (Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp bulgaricus) e cultura probiótica (Lactobacillus acidophilus) sendo fornecida de segunda à sexta-feira, em porções de 80 mL(4,1 mg ferro), durante 35 dias...

Interação cálcio e ferro: uma revisão / Calcium and iron interaction: a review

O estudo do delicado balanço entre os minerais torna-se cada vez mais importante diante do aumento da oferta de alimentos fortificados, especialmente com cálcio e ferro. Os estudos realizados com animais indicam, na sua maioria, uma interação negativa, mas os estudos com humanos são controversos e não conclusivos. Experimentos pontuais (com refeições únicas) indicam esta interação. Mas quando se relacionam tempo e grandes populações esta diminuição pode não ter influência clínica, em se tratando de pessoas sadias e com alimentação adequada, provavelmente devido a respostas fisiológicas adaptativas ao longo do tempo. Os mecanismos envolvidos ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidos, mas incluiriam interação em nível huminal (formação de compostos pouco absorvíveis) e efeitos em nível celular (alteração de borda em escova da membrana, inibição na saída do ferro do enterócito e/ou competição pela mobilferrina)